December 27, 2009

Filed under: explorers — chris @ 2:44 am

titleWe have already spoken of the extensive diffusion of Nestorian
/titlecategory1/categoryChristianity in Asia during the early and Middle Ages
We have already spoken of the extensive diffusion of Nestorian
Christianity in Asia during the early and Middle Ages. The Christian
historian Gregory Abulfaraj relates a curious history of the conversion,
in the beginning of the 11th century, of the King of _Kerith_ with his
people, dwelling in the remote north-east of the land of the Turks. And
that the Keraits continued to profess Christianity down to the time of
Chinghiz is attested by Rashiduddins direct statement, as well as by the
numerous Christian princesses from that tribe of whom we hear in Mongol
history. It is the chief of this tribe of whom Rubruquis and Polo speak
under the name of Unc Khan, and whom the latter identifies with Prester
John. His proper name is called Tuli by the Chinese, and Togrul by the
Persian historians, but the Kin sovereign of Northern China had conferred
on him the title of _Wang_ or King, from which his people gave him the
slightly corrupted cognomen of [Arabic], which some scholars read _Awang_,
and _Avenk_ Khan, but which the spelling of Rubruquis and Polo shows
probably to have been pronounced as _Aung_ or _Ung_ Khan.[12] The
circumstance stated by Rubruquis of his having abandoned the profession of
Christianity, is not alluded to by Eastern writers; but in any case his
career is not a credit to the Faith. I cannot find any satisfactory
corroboration of the claims of supremacy over the Mongols which Polo
ascribes to Aung Khan. But that his power and dignity were considerable,
appears from the term _Pdshh_ which Rashiduddin applies to him. He had
at first obtained the sovereignty of the Keraits by the murder of two of
his brothers and several nephews. Yessugai, the father of Chinghiz, had
been his staunch friend, and had aided him effectually to recover his
dominion from which he had been expelled. After a reign of many years he
was again ejected, and in the greatest necessity sought the help of
Temujin (afterwards called Chinghiz Khan), by whom he was treated with the
greatest consideration. This was in 1196. For some years the two chiefs
conducted their forays in alliance, but differences sprang up between
them; the son of Aung Khan entered into a plot to kill Temujin, and in
1202-1203 they were in open war. The result will be related in connection
with the next chapters.
br

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December 26, 2009

Filed under: explorers — chris @ 6:44 pm

title[Palladius (pp
/titlecategory1/category[Palladius (pp. 23-24) says that it is impossible to admit that Polo had
meant to designate by this name the Christians, who were called by the
Mongols _Erkeun_ [_Ye li ke un_]. He was well acquainted with the
Christians in China, and of course could not ignore the name under which
they were generally known to such a degree as to see in it a designation
of a cross-race of Mahommetans and heathens. From the _Yuen chao pi shi_
and the _Yuen shi_, Palladius gives some examples which refer to
Mahommedans.
br

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Filed under: explorers — chris @ 12:44 pm

titleNOTE 6
/titlecategory1/categoryNOTE 6.–In continuation of note 4, chap. ii., we give Gaubils conclusion
of the story of Nayan: The Emperor had gone ahead with a small force,
when Nayans General came forward with 100,000 men to make a
reconnaissance. The Sovereign, however, put on a bold front, and though in
great danger of being carried off, showed no trepidation. It was night,
and an urgent summons went to call troops to the Emperors aid. They
marched at once, the horsemen taking the foot soldiers on the crupper
behind them. Nayan all this while was taking it quietly in his camp, and
his generals did not venture to attack the Emperor, suspecting an
ambuscade. Liting then took ten resolute men, and on approaching the
Generals camp, caused a Fire-_Pao_ to be discharged; the report caused a
great panic among Nayans troops, who were very ill disciplined at the
best. Meanwhile the Chinese and Tartar troops had all come up, and Nayan
was attacked on all sides: by Liting at the head of the Chinese, by
Yusitemur at the head of the Mongols, by Tutuha and the Emperor in person
at the head of his guards and the troops of _Kincha_ (Kipchak). The
presence of the Emperor rendered the army invincible, and Nayans forces
were completely defeated. That prince himself was taken, and afterwards
put to death. The battle took place in the vicinity of the river Liao, and
the Emperor returned in triumph to Shangtu (207). The Chinese record
given in detail by Pauthier is to the like effect, except as to the Kaans
narrow escape, of which it says nothing.
br

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Filed under: explorers — chris @ 4:44 am

title[According to their oral tradition, the Jews came to China from _Si Yih_
/titlecategory1/category(Western Regions), probably Persia, by Khorasan and Samarkand, during the
first century of our era, in the reign of the Emperor Ming-ti (A
[According to their oral tradition, the Jews came to China from _Si Yih_
(Western Regions), probably Persia, by Khorasan and Samarkand, during the
first century of our era, in the reign of the Emperor Ming-ti (A.D. 58-75)
of the Han Dynasty. They were at times confounded with the followers of
religions of India, _Tien Chu kiao_, and very often with the Mohammedans
_Hwui-Hwui_ or _Hwui-tzu_; the common name of their religion was _Tiao kin
kiao_, Extract Sinew Religion. However, three lapidary inscriptions,
kept at Ka?fung, give different dates for the arrival of the Jews in
China: one dated 1489 (2nd year Hung Che, Ming Dynasty) says that seventy
Jewish families arrived at Pien liang (Ka?fung) at the time of the Sung
(A. D. 960-1278); one dated 1512 (7th year Chng Th) says that the Jewish
religion was introduced into China under the Han Dynasty (B.C. 206-A.D.
221), and the last one dated 1663 (2nd year Kang-hi) says that this
religion was first preached in China under the Chau Dynasty (B.C.
1122-255); this will not bear discussion.
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December 25, 2009

Filed under: explorers — chris @ 4:44 pm

titlePlano Carpini says the tunics of the Tartars were either of buckram
/titlecategory1/category(_bukeranum_), of _purpura_ (a texture, perhaps velvet), or of _baudekin_,
a cloth of gold (pp
Plano Carpini says the tunics of the Tartars were either of buckram
(_bukeranum_), of _purpura_ (a texture, perhaps velvet), or of _baudekin_,
a cloth of gold (pp. 614-615). When the envoys of the Old Man of the
Mountain tried to bully St. Lewis, one had a case of daggers to be offered
in defiance, another a _bouqueran_ for a winding sheet (_Joinville_, p.
136.)
br

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December 24, 2009

Filed under: explorers — chris @ 8:44 am

titleAyas is the _Leyes_ of Chaucers Knight,–
/titlecategory1/categorybr

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Filed under: explorers — chris @ 2:44 am

titleNOTE 3
/titlecategory1/categoryNOTE 3.–_Pharaohs Rat_ was properly the Gerboa of Arabia and North
Africa, which the Arabs also regard as a dainty. There is a kindred animal
in Siberia, called _Alactaga_, and a kind of Kangaroo-rat (probably the
same) is mentioned as very abundant on the Mongolian Steppe. There is also
the _Zieselmaus_ of Pallas, a Dormouse, I believe, which he says the
Kalmaks, even of distinction, count a delicacy, especially cooked in sour
milk. They eat not only the flesh of all their different kinds of cattle,
including horses and camels, but also that of many wild animals which
other nations eschew, e.g. marmots and _zieselmice_, beavers, badgers,
otters, and lynxes, leaving none untouched except the dog and weasel kind,
and also (unless _very_ hard pressed) the flesh of the fox and the wolf.
(_Pallas, Samml._ I. 128; also _Rubr._ 229-230.)
br

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December 23, 2009

Filed under: explorers — chris @ 8:44 pm

titleNOTE 1
/titlecategory1/categoryNOTE 1.–This narrative is from Ramusios version, and constitutes one of
the most notable passages peculiar to that version.
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December 22, 2009

Filed under: explorers — chris @ 10:44 pm

titleNOTE 14
/titlecategory1/categoryNOTE 14.–There were many anomalies in the older Lamaism, and it
permitted, at least in some sects of it which still subsist, the marriage
of the clergy under certain limitations and conditions. One of Giorgis
missionaries speaks of a Lama of high _hereditary_ rank as a spiritual
prince who marries, but separates from his wife as soon as he has a son,
who after certain trials is deemed worthy to be his successor. [A good
number of Lamas were married, as M. Polo correctly remarks; their wives
were known amongst the Chinese, under the name of _Fan-sao_. (_Chue keng
lu_, quoted by _Palladius_, 28.)–H. C.] One of the _reforms_ of
Tsongkhapa was the absolute prohibition of marriage to the clergy, and in
this he followed the institutes of the oldest Buddhism. Even the _Red
Lamas_, or unreformed, cannot now marry without a dispensation.
br

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Filed under: explorers — chris @ 12:44 pm

titleMoreover on the north side of the Palace, about a bow-shot off, there is a
/titlecategory1/categoryhill which has been made by art [from the earth dug out of the lake]; it
is a good hundred paces in height and a mile in compass
Moreover on the north side of the Palace, about a bow-shot off, there is a
hill which has been made by art [from the earth dug out of the lake]; it
is a good hundred paces in height and a mile in compass. This hill is
entirely covered with trees that never lose their leaves, but remain ever
green. And I assure you that wherever a beautiful tree may exist, and the
Emperor gets news of it, he sends for it and has it transported bodily
with all its roots and the earth attached to them, and planted on that
hill of his. No matter how big the tree may be, he gets it carried by his
elephants; and in this way he has got together the most beautiful
collection of trees in all the world. And he has also caused the whole
hill to be covered with the ore of azure,[NOTE 12] which is very green.
And thus not only are the trees all green, but the hill itself is all
green likewise; and there is nothing to be seen on it that is not green;
and hence it is called the GREEN MOUNT; and in good sooth tis named
well.[NOTE 13]
br

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